Running On-Farm Strip Trials
URBANA, ILL.
On April 16 I posted an article http://bulletin.ipm.illinois.edu/?p=1966
on the use of nitrogen fertilizer on soybean, mentioning at the end of
the article that this would be a good thing to test in on-farm trials.
Here I’ll provide a little background and a brief description of how to
go about doing such a trial.
Background: dealing with variability
If there were no variability in yields (or soils) going across a
field, a single strip of N fertilizer (or without N while applying N to
the rest of the field) would measure the effect. There is no such field:
every strip will yield at least a little more or less than every other
strip in every field. So a single strip where we might plan to apply N
fertilizer will always yield differently than the strip next to it, and
we can never be sure if any “difference” we see in yield was due to
treatment or just to this “random” variability, with one or another
treatment just “lucky” in getting assigned by chance to higher-yielding
strips.
One way we deal with this variability is to locate trials in the most
uniform part of the field we can find. This can never eliminate
variability between strips, but it minimizes it. Using a yield map from a
previous year can help find areas in the field where there is good
uniformity. If a map of a given field doesn’t show an area large enough
for a trial with good uniformity, consider moving the trial to a
different field. If strips need to be shorter than the field in order to
avoid a variable area, it’s OK to do that, as long as good yield
measurements are possible.
The only way we can measure and deal with the strip-to-strip
variability in a field is to replicate treatments – that is, to apply
the same treatments to a number of different strips. The variability
among yields of strips treated the same tells us how variable yields
are, and we then use stats to help us figure out if yield differences
between treated and untreated strips are probably due to treatment or
could easily be due to random variability and chance placement of
treatments.
If we can’t be sure that a difference is due to treatment and not
just to random variability, then we have to conclude that we haven’t
proven that the difference is due to treatment, and we say the
difference is “not significant.” This doesn’t mean the treatment did
nothing, it just means that we haven’t proven to our satisfaction (that
is, to a probability level of 90 or 95 percent) that it did. By the same
token, a treatment that does nothing at all can get “lucky” and end up
on higher-yielding strips by chance, producing a “significant”
difference that was really no difference at all.
Running a strip trial
Laying out a trial like one to test N fertilizer on soybean is reasonably simple:
1. Find a uniform part of a field large enough to accommodate 12
strips wide enough to apply N fertilizer to, and large enough to get
accurate harvest yields with the combine. Unless N can be dropped very
precisely to strips exactly as wide as the combine will harvest, N
strips will need to be wider than the combine. They should be long
enough to get a good yield estimate, whether that’s with a yield monitor
or a weigh wagon. Record GPS coordinates for the 4 corners of the area,
soil type, previous crop and its yield, planting date, seeding rate,
variety, herbicides, application date, harvest date, and anything else
that you think might have affected the crop.
2. Assign treatments to strips randomly within each pair of strips.
3. Apply in-season N to the strips where it was assigned. Timing and
form are not fixed, but I suggest using 50 to 80 lb of actual N (120 to
200 lb urea 45-0-0 or similar; protecting with a urease inhibitor and
using slow-release urea in the mix are good options) applied between
stage R4 (full flower) and R6 (full seed). Liquid (UAN) can be injected,
but dry forms are most common and easiest to apply in plants this size.
If you drive down strips to apply by ground, and there’s a possibility
that this will do some damage, you’ll want to drive (with applicator
off) down the “No N” strips as well so all strips experience the same
thing. N can be applied by air, but strips will need to be wide enough
so fertilizer doesn’t fall into no-N strips. Make certain, either
with GPS or with flags (PVC lengths installed using a soil probe work
well and are visible), that you know exactly where the N went on and
where it didn’t, so you can harvest correctly.
4. Harvest and record yields for each strip. Be sure that the width
harvested is the same for each strip, and trim the ends if using yield
monitor data.
5. Average yields with and without N to see if there are differences.
Do a statistical analysis, or work with an adviser to do so. If you
wish, you can send me yields on a spreadsheet and I’ll return it with
stats run and a note about the outcome. If you do your own analysis, I’d
much appreciate getting the data so we can look at this across all
sites.
Doing such trials in different soil types – especially in soils with
different textures and amounts of organic matter – will help show
whether or not an N response is affected by soil. Some may want to do
trials in more than one field, or to cooperate with neighbors to do
this. For questions like this, the more data, the better.∆
DR. EMERSON NAFZIGER: Research Education Center Coordinator, Professor, University of Illinois